Solenoid actuator with magnetic latching

ABSTRACT

It is known to use a radially-magnetised annular permanent magnet for magnetic latching in a moving armature electromagnetic actuator of the pulse-operated type. I provide a composite annular permanent magnet formed of at least two individual, preferably substantially sector-shaped, permanent magnets which are magnetised so as to have one pole face radially inwards of the other pole face.

United States Patent 11 Larner 451 June 10, 1975 l2l| Appl. No.: 412,012

3,381,181 4/1968 Weathers 335/230 X 3,420,492 1/1969 Ray 1. 251/129 X 3,460,081 8/1969 Tillman 335/234 3,814,376 6/1974 Reinicke 335/234 X Primary Examiner-G. Harris [57] ABSTRACT It is known to use a radially-magnetised annular permanent magnet for magnetic latching in a moving armature electromagnetic actuator of the pulse-operated type. I provide a composite annular permanent magnet formed of at least two individual, preferably substantially sector-shaped, permanent magnets which are magnetised so as to have one pole face radially inwards of the other pole face.

9 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures [30] Foreign Application Priority Data Nov, 2, 1972 United Kingdom 50624172 [52] U.S. Cl 335/234; 335/253 [51 Int. Cl. 1101f 7/08 [581 Field of Search 335/229, 230, 234, 253

[561 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,040,217 6/1962 Conrad 335/234 C. B L

1 SOLENOID ACTUATOR WITH MAGNETIC LATCHING BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an electromagnetic actuator comprising a moving armature. at least one winding for electrical energisation and moving the armature. and an annular permanent magnet for providing magnetic latching. the permanent magnet being magnetised so as to have one pole face radially inwards of the other pole face. The annular magnet will normally extend over the path of movement of the centre of the armature. the armature being movable between two end positions. The latching effect is particularly useful with pulse-operated type actuators. and causes the armature to be positively retained in the end position it has reached until such time as the energisation of the winding(s) is reversed; this enables the actuator to be actuated by a short current pulse without requiring continuous energisation to retain the armature in its proper position.

FIG. 1 of British Pat. No. 1.089.596 discloses such an electromagnetic actuator.

A high coercivity magnet should he used for the an nular magnet as the annular magnet must resist the coercive effect of the actuator windings. and this magnet can for instance be made of ceramic material. The magnet is difficult to fabricate and difficult to magnetise. A central pole-piece (usually in the form of a mandrel) must be used to obtain the radial magnetising field required, and the field strength of the magnetising field must be very high. As this pole-piece must be of reasonable size to obtain a strong enough magnetising field, the annular magnet could be made with an oversize bore, an annular iron packing piece being inserted into the bore to provide a central bore of suitably small size for the actuator. However, accurate machining is required to avoid an air gap between the annular magnet and the iron packing piece; in addition, in order to obtain sufficient volume of permanently magnetised material, the annular magnet must be relatively long or of large diameter.

The permanent magnet could be used for a purpose other than that of providing latching, for instance as described in relation to FIG. 1 of German Pat. No. 2,013,051.

It is desirable to provide an annular permanent magnet which is easy to fabricate and to magnetise without using an excessive amount of magnetised material.

According to the present invention. the annular permanent magnet is a composite magnet formed of at least two individual magnets which are magnetised so as to have one pole face radially inwards of the other pole face.

Although the individual magnets can be for instance bar magnets arranged radially around the axis of movement of the armature. the individual magnets are preferably substantially in the shape of sectors.

The magnetised sectors can be cheap to make and magnetise. Each individual sector can be formed for instance by a sintering process. and the effective radial thickness of the composite magnet can be easily determined by grinding or otherwise machining the inner arcuate surface of each sector in a jig which locates on the outside diameter (or outer arcuatc surface) of the sector; the grinding can be performed using a formed peripheral grinding wheel with the sectors clamped in line. It is possible also to grind or otherwise machine the outside surfaces of the sectors if so desired. either as an alternative to machining the inside surfaces, or in 5 addition to such machining; machining the inside. however, can result in the removal of less material for the same effect.

As no iron packing piece is required, the necessary magnetised volume can be obtained while keeping the composite magnet relatively short; for instance. its length (axial thickness) can be Vs to V2 of its internal diameter, preferably about /2 of its internal diameter. Its external diameter can be from IV. times to 4 times its internal diameter. and is preferably about double its in ternal diameter.

During magnetisation, the pole-piece adjacent the radially inner surface can be as large as is desired. within normal practical limits. The magnetisation of each individual permanent magnet can be parallel to the mean radius of the individual magnet. but it is possible to obtain more nearly radial magnetisation; near radial magnetisation is more desirable the smaller the number of individual magnets, but in general terms, the field of the composite magnet does not have to be strictly uniform as long as it is generally radial.

There may be only two individual permanent magnets, which may be each approximately half annular, but there are preferably three or more individual permanent magnets, four individual magnets being found to be a useful number which can give the advantages of the invention without requiring too many parts to fabricate, magnetise and assemble; nonetheless, more than four permanent magnets may be used.

The individual magnets (preferably sectors) forming the composite magnet need not be in Contact with each other and can be separated by radial webs which hold the magnets in position. In a convenient arrangement. the winding is or windings are wound on a bobbin which also mounts the magnets. The bobbin can thus have two portions on which two respective windings are wound. the portions being spaced apart axially and interconnected by radially-extending webs; the magnets are positioned between the bobbin portions and retained by the webs. An outer sleeve can surround the bobbin and hold the magnets in position. The bobbin can be arranged such that it can be removed from the actuator by releasing a simple, releasable fixing means. such as a coaxial nut, for easy removal of the bobbin, winding(s) and magnets.

Preferably. the winding(s) and the armature are coaxial with the path of movement of the armature and the individual permanent magnets are symmetrically arranged about the axis of the winding(s) and armature. This enables all the main parts (with the exception of the individual magnets and the separating webs) to be coaxial solids of rotation and enables the actuator to be cheap to manufacture.

The armature preferably moves in a space which is limited at each end by stationary ferromagnetic polepieces and whose sides are limited by a non-ferromagnetic tube interconnecting the pole-pieces, the composite annular magnet and the winding(s) being stationary and outside the tube. a ferromagnetic tube (acting as a magnetic yoke) surrounding the winding(s) and the composite annular magnet. and the ends of the ferromagnetic tube being closed by ferromagnetic end pieces. This is a useful constructional arrangement. In

addition, by having the permanent magnets stationary, i.e., fixed. they are not subject to mechanical shock during the operation and there is thus considerably less tendency to demagnetise, or, if they are sintered, to break up.

The armature is preferably movable between two end positions, in each of which it abuts a third magnetic pole-piece and forms part ofa substantially closed magnetic circuit. By having the magnetic circuit substantially closed, there is very little reluctance and a greater latching force. This reduces the susceptibility of the actuator to shocks of the kind causing it to change over when de-energised.

There are preferably two axially-spaced, coaxial windings with the composite annular magnet coaxially therebetween, the windings being dimensioned and electrically interconnected so that both are energised for change-over of the actuator and so that the induced fluxes in the composite annular magnet substantially cancel each other out, and this is most simply arranged by having the windings equi-spaced from the composite annular magnet and of the same size, and passing the same current through each winding. In this way, there can be little or no induced flux through the individual permanent magnets. and thus there is less tendency to de-energize the individual permanent magnets.

The actuator can in particular be used for actuating a valve such as a pilot valve, and the valve may be a valve as described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,760,843 filed Feb. l, 1972.

The armature can if desired be a movable valve member, for instance carrying rubber seats, forming an electromagnetically-actuated valve.

The actuator may be in the form of a bistable, electromagnetically-actuated valve comprising three pressure fluid connections and two valve orifices connected to two respective pressure fluid connections, the armature being movable between two end positions such that a first said pressure fluid connection is connected to the third said pressure fluid connection when the armature is at one end position, and the second said pressure fluid connection is connected to the third pressure fluid connection when the armature is at the other end position. This bistable, electromagneticallyactuated valve provides a very simple bistable valve, particularly for pilot valve use, and although it is preferred that the annular permanent magnet is a composite annular permanent magnet, this need not necessarily be so.

In a preferred embodiment, the bistable valve has an enclosed space in which the armature moves, the third connection being permanently connected to the en closed space, the first and second valve orifices being at opposite ends of the enclosed space and the armature carrying, eg, rubber valve seats for closing the re spective valve orifices. One of the end faces of the enclosed space may have a hole therein, a tube being mounted in the hole and spaced from at least one side thereof to leave a gap outside the tube, and the third pressure fluid connection being connected to the gap, the opening in the end of the tube providing a said valve orifice; the hole and tube are preferably coaxial with the enclosed space, the gap being an annular gap. This provides a simple solution for connecting the third pressure fluid connection to the enclosed space while providing a relatively large flow passage which does not occupy too much of the end face or pole-piece area. An

alternative arrangement is to have a central bore in the end face to provide a said valve orifice and a parallel bore in the end face to connect the enclosed space with the third connection, the latter bore preferably leading into an annular groove in the end face.

However, in another embodiment, the armature may be connected by a mechanical linkage such as a push rod to a double-acting valve member.

In order to ensure good communication between the first or second pressure fluid connections and the third pressure fluid connection by way of the respective valve orifice, the armature preferably has at least one radial slot in at least one of its end faces and at least one longitudinal slot down its peripheral surface, the longitudinal slot(s) intersecting the (respective) radial slot( s).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show two actuators in accordance with the invention, and of which:

FIG. 1 is an elevation of a first actuator, partly in axial section along the line 1-] of FIG. 2;

FIG. 2 is a horizontal section along the line ll-II of FIG. I, but on a smaller scale;

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram showing, schematically, one method of operation of the actuator;

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing, schematically, another method of operation of the actuator;

FIG. 5 is an elevation of a second actuator, partly in axial section; and

FIG. 6 is an isometric projection, on a larger scale, of the armature of the second actuator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF FIRST PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In the first actuator (FIGS. 1 and 2), a freely slidable armature 1 is enclosed in a tube 6 of dia-magnetic material, the latter being attached to stationary polepieces 2 and 3 and sealed thereto by O seals 4 so that the actuator can be of the wet armature" type, i.e., in fluid communication with a valve being controlled by the actuator. The movement of the armature I is communicated to an associated valve or other mechanism by a thrust pin 5, also of dia-magnetic material. A base plate 7 adapts the assembly for attachment to the carcase of the associated control valve or other mechanism. The associated valve may be a valve as described with reference to the drawings of USA. Pat. application Ser. No. 225,569.

Surrounding the tube and pole-piece assembly is a steel enclosure formed of an outer sleeve or tubular part 8 and two end pieces 9. Contained therein is a coil bobbin 10 which carries two stationary electrical windings Ila and 11b contained in separate parts of the bobbin which are nevertheless united as a matter of constructional convenience by four webs or ribs 12. Sandwiched between the two parts of the bobbin and separated and held by the webs 12 are four stationary sectorshaped, ceramic, individual permanent magnets 13 which are magnetised along the N-S axes indicated in FIG. 2, thus generating a total magnetic field in a plane radial to the axis of the assembly. The magnets I3 are fabricated and magnetised as described above.

An electrical connector 14 carries terminal pins 15 and an earth pin 16, for the purpose of connecting the electrical windings to an external control circuit and providing for electrical safety even when the coil assembly is removed by hand.

The coil assembly is easily removable for exchange or maintenance by unscrewing a retaining nut 17, and is also rotatable to any alternative position around the axis to achieve the most convenient position for the electrical connector I4.

Insulated cavities 18 formed in the connector I4 provide accommodation for electrical rectifiers, which are desirable as integral features where the actuator is to be employed in conjunction with an alternating electrical supply.

Referring to FIG. 1, if there is no electrical excitation and the armature is in the upper position shown, the permanent flux produced by the permanent magnets 13 circulates around the two main paths shown with double and single arrows; the air gap being closed, the reluctance of the path with double arrows in FIG. 3 is relatively low, and this is therefore the preferred path and most of the flux passes this way. The flux following the path with single arrows is relatively weak because of the presence of an air gap I9. The armature I is therefore firmly held against the upper pole-piece 2 by the resultant net attraction thereto.

FIG. I also shows a flux which follows a path with triple headed arrows, right around the actuator; this flux is induced when the windings Ila and llb are suitably energised with direct current. This opposes the doublearrowed holding flux, and complements the singlearrowed flux, thus eventually impclling the armature l downwards to the opposite pole-piece 3. It is believed that two equal and opposite fluxes are induced in the permanent magnets 13, giving no net induced flux. This not only avoids any tendency to demagnetise the permanent magnets 13, but also avoids consumption of extra power extra power would be needed to induce in the permanent magnets 13 a flux opposing their own flux. When the excitation is removed, the armature 1 remains in the lower position because the lower flux is now much stronger than that passing via the upper pole-piece 2.

Reversal of the armature l is later accomplished by exciting the windings lla and llh with reverse polarity, thus inducing a flux of opposite sense to the triplearrowed flux.

It has been found that the actuator described above requires a very low wattage. In an actuator whose height (bottom of baseplate 7 to top of retaining nut 17) was 45 mm, the power level to switch was I watt while the attaching force (force holding the armature l to the respective stationary pole-piece 2 or 3) was 800 grammes.

The previous description of the method of operation of the actuator supposes that the two windings are connected electrically so that they are excited simultaneously, and produce magnetomotive forces which are complementary along the axis of the actuator. Such a simple arrangement is not inconvenient for use with alternating current; a suitable arrangement of rectifiers 2l used in this case facilitates reversal of the current, as shown in FIG. 3. The rectifiers 2| can be positioned in the cavities I8.

In order to effect reversal on direct current. however, a double pole changeover switch or an equivalent array of switching means must be used, which is not very convenient for normal industrial control purposes. Practi- Cal experiment has shown that the device will work quite satisfactorily if the two windings Ila and llb are energised separately, using one only for each sense of movement, and using it to generate an additional flux across the open air gap only. Such an arrangement is shown in FIG. 4. With this simpler arrangement. the power consumed is rather high by comparison with that first described; however, if this higher loss is tolerable, the greater simplicity of construction and operation are desirable.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SECOND PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In the second actuator (FIGS. 5 and 6), the tube and pole-piece assembly 8, 9, the bobbin 10, the windings Ila and 1117, the permanent magnets 13, the electrical connector 14 and the retaining nut 17, as well as the tube 6 and O seals 4, are exactly as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.

However, the actuator is formed as a bistable pilot valve. and the enclosed space within the tube 6 has respective pole-pieces 31 and 32, which are formed with respective valve orifices. The pole-piece 31 has a valve orifice 33 formed by a bore in a central projection in the pole-piece 31, the bore communicating with a first fluid pressure connection 34. The pole-piece 32 has an axial bore containing a coaxial tube 35. The tube is preferably formed of a ferromagnetic material, but need not be. The lower end portion 36 of the tube 35 is of larger diameter than the remainder, and makes an interference fit in the hole in the pole-piece 32, the tube 35 being held in position by any suitable adhesive. The top end of the tube forms a valve orifice, and this valve orifice is connected to a second pressure fluid connection 37 by way of the interior of the tube 35 and a transverse bore 38. Around the tube 35, between the tube 35 and the internal wall of the bore in the polepiece 32, there is an annular duct 39 which communicates with a third pressure fluid connection 40 by way of a transverse bore 41.

The armature 42 has a stepped, central bore containing moulded-in rubber 43 providing a valve seat at each end of the armature 42. As shown in FIG. 6, the armature 42 has any suitable number of radial slots 44 in its end faces and longitudinal slots 45 along its peripheral surface, the longitudinal slots intersecting respective radial slots. In this way, good communication is provided between the annular duct 39 and the enclosed space in which the armature 42 moves, which is particularly important when the armature 42 is in its lower end position.

I claim:

1. An electromagnetic actuator comprising:

an armature displaceable between first and second axially spaced positions;

a pair of spaced pole-pieces defining said first and second axial positions to which said armature is displaceable, each of said pair of spaced polepieces being disposed at one of said first and second axially spaced positions to limit the axial displacement of said armature, said armature and one of said pair of spaced pole-pieces forming a low reluctance magnetic path at each of said first and second axi ally spaced positions;

winding means for developing, when energized, lines offlux in said axial direction for displacing said air mature between said first and second axially spaced positions; and

a plurality of permanent magnet means forming an annular array for latching said armature in said first and second axially spaced positions, each' of said plurality of permanent magnet means being disposed in a plane which is transverse to said axial direction and exhibiting a magnetic polarity which is transverse to said axial direction, and each of said plurality of permanent magnet means being separated from an adjacent one of said plurality of permanent magnet means by a plane along said axial direction and extending radially outward there from.

2. An actuator as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of permanent magnet means is magnetised parallel to the mean radius of said magnet.

3. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 further comprising radial webs separating and holding in position each of said plurality of permanent magnet means.

4. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 and comprising a bobbin upon which is wound said winding means and which mounts said plurality of permanent magnet means forming said annular array.

5. An actuator as claimed in claim 4, wherein said bobbin comprises two portions, each portion having an individual winding of said winding means wound thereon, said portions being spaced apart axially and interconnected by radially-extending webs, and individual ones of said plurality of permanent magnet means being disposed between said bobbin portions and retained in position by said webs.

6. An actuator as claimed in claim 4 additionally comprising simple, releasable fixing means for removably securing said bobbin on said actuatorv 7. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a non-ferromagnetic tube disposed intermediate said spaced pole-pieces, said spaced pole-pieces being formed of ferromagnetic material, closing the ends of the tube and defining therein an enclosed space, said armature being disposed in said space and movable between the two end positions whereat said armature abuts a respective one of said pole-pieces and forms part of a substantially closed magnetic circuit, said plurality of permanent magnet means and said winding means being stationary and disposed outside said tube; and a ferromagnetic outer tube surrounding said winding means and said plurality of permanent magnet means, said ferromagnetic pole-pieces additionally closing the ends of said ferromagnetic outer tube.

8. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 wherein said winding means includes two separate windings, said windings being axially spaced in a symetrical manner about said annular array formed by said plurality of permanent magnetic means and mounted in a coaxial relationship therewith, the actuator further comprising means for applying current to said windings for the passage of equal currents through each said winding, whereby induced in said plurality of permanent magnet means due to said windings substantially cancel.

9. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 wherein said plurality of permanent magnet means are each configured substantially in the form of a sector. 

1. An electromagnetic actuator comprising: an armature displaceable between first and second axially spaced positions; a pair of spaced pole-pieces defining said first and second axial positions to which said armature is displaceable, each of said pair of spaced pole-pieces being disposed at one of said first and second axially spaced positions to limit the axial displacement of said armature, said armature and one of said pair of spaced pole-pieces forming a low reluctance magnetic path at each of said first and second axially spaced positions; winding means for developing, when energized, lines of flux in said axial direction for displacing said armature between said first and second axially spaced positions; and a plurality of permanent magnet means forming an annular array for latching said armature in said first and second axially spaced positions, each of said plurality of permanent magnet means being disposed in a plane which is transverse to said axial direction and exhibiting a magnetic polarity which is transverse to said axial direction, and each of said plurality of permanent magnet means being separated from an adjacent one of said plurality of permanent magnet means by a plane along said axial direction and extending radially outward therefrom.
 2. An actuator as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of permanent magnet means is magnetised parallel to the mean radius of said magnet.
 3. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 further comprising radial webs separating and holding in position each of said plurality of permanent magnet means.
 4. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 and comprising a bobbin upon which is wound said winding means and which mounts said plurality of permanent magnet means forming said annular array.
 5. An actuator as claimed in claim 4, wherein said bobbin comprises two portions, each portion having an individual winding of said winding means wound thereon, said portions being spaced apart axially and interconnected by radially-extending webs, and individual ones of said plurality of permanent magnet means being disposed between said bobbin portions and retained in position by said webs.
 6. An actuator as claimed in claim 4 additionally comprising simple, releasable fixing means for removably securing said bobbin on said actuator.
 7. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a non-ferromagnetic tube disposed intermediate said spaced pole-pieces, said spaced pole-pieces being formed of ferromagnetic material, closing the ends of the tube and defining therein an enclosed space, said armature being disposed in said space and movable between the two end positions whereat said armature abuts a respective one of said pole-pieces and forms part of a substantially closed magnetic circuit, said plurality of permanent magnet means and said winding means being stationary and disposed outside said tube; and a ferromagnetic outer tube surrounding said winding means and said plurality of permanent magnet means, said ferromagnetic pole-pieces additionally closing the ends of said ferromagnetic outer tube.
 8. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 wherein said winding means includes two separate windings, said windings being axially spaced in a symetrical manner about said annular array formed by said plurality of permanent magnetic means and mounted in a coaxial relationship therewith, the actuator further comprising means for applying current to said windings for the passage of equal currents through each said winding, whereby induced in said plurality of permanent magnet means due to said windings substantially cancel.
 9. An actuator as claimed in claim 1 wherein said plurality of permanent magnet means are each configured substantially in the form of a sector. 